✦ The comparative research bench

Put two witnesses together.

Compare the objects, question their identifications, and keep a record of the evidence. Your argument begins where a resemblance stops being enough.

← The object-study collection
A scalloped tournament shield painted with a woman, a yellow armorial shield bearing a black animal head, and a helmet with a matching crest above it.

Gift of Mrs. Florence Blumenthal, 1925 · CC0. Resized without cropping or recolouring.

German

Shield for the Field or Tournament (Targe)

Catalogue date
ca. 1450
Material
Wood, leather, linen, gesso, pigments, silver
Catalogue maker
Not specified in this study
Repository
The Metropolitan Museum of Art
Accession
25.26.1

A painted targe carries a smaller armorial shield. Reading the two separately helps us understand the object without settling its disputed family attribution.

An engraved bookplate with a diagonal band bearing three roses on a shield, a bird above a wreath, hanging foliage, a motto scroll, and the name Thomas Cary below.

General Income Fund · CC0. Resized without cropping or recolouring.

America, late eighteenth–early nineteenth century

Bookplate: Coat of Arms with Thomas Cary inscribed below

Catalogue date
1766–1821 (catalogue range)
Material
Engraving
Catalogue maker
Joseph Callender
Repository
Cleveland Museum of Art
Accession
1918.149

An American engraving connects an armorial image to a printed name while leaving the history of this particular impression open.

✦ Make your evidence explicit

The research notebook.

Notes are saved in this browser for each ordered pair. Keep a copy by exporting them with the objects’ identifiers and source links.

Choose your objects and begin with a question.

✦ Before you draw a conclusion

Explain the resemblance before relying on it.

  1. Describe the support. Is this a physical shield, a vessel, glass, enamel, or a printed impression? Identify what the photograph actually shows.
  2. Separate the voices. Mark which statements are your observations and which are the museum’s date, identification, or attribution.
  3. Compare like with like. A maker attribution, family identification, and object provenance answer different questions. A shared charge does not establish a shared owner or workshop.
  4. Propose a test. Name a dated source that could support or contradict your explanation. Record uncertainty while that evidence remains unavailable.
Continue to the source-criticism seminar ↗